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Native arrowheads (9000-6000 BCE) found in Ontario at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Early native stone tools & carvings (1000 BCE - 900 CE) found in Ontario at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Native Iroquoian stone & bone carvings (900 - 1652 CE) found in Ontario at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Native Iroquoian pipes & whistles (900 - 1652 CE) found in Ontario at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Silver Indian peace medal with portrait of King George III marking end of War of 1812 made (1814) in London at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Silver treaty four medal (1874) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Silver gorgets (1813 & 14) conferred on loyal native leaders fighting for King George III at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Model of Iroquois longhouse at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Native birchbark canoes at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Native birchbark canoes at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Native birchbark freight canoe (crewed by 8-10 & transported four tons) (1971) by César Newashish Manowan of Quebec at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Decorative detail of native birchbark freight canoe (1971) by César Newashish Manowan of Quebec at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Decorative detail of native birchbark freight canoe (1971) by César Newashish Manowan of Quebec at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Native birchbark canoe (late 19thC) from Rivière St. François, Quebec at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mi'kmaq porcupine quill box with maple leaf design (19thC) from Atlantic Canada at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mi'kmaq porcupine quill purse (1820-50) from Atlantic Canada at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Mi'kmaq porcupine quill chair seat panel (late 19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mi'kmaq porcupine quill chair seat & back panels (mid 19thC) from Atlantic Canada at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mi'kmaq porcupine quill box with initials (19thC) from Atlantic Canada at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mi'kmaq porcupine quill nesting boxes (19thC) from Atlantic Canada at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Mi'kmaq porcupine quill nesting boxes (19thC) from Atlantic Canada at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mi'kmaq porcupine quill panel on log holder (late 19thC - early 20thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe porcupine quill box with zigzag design (c1990) from Ontario at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe porcupine quill box with turtle design (1974) by Josette Debassige from Manitoullin Island, Ontario at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Facsimile of Sitting Bull's autograph (c1885) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Sitting Bull's eagle feather war bonnet (c1875) in Hunkpapa Lakota style at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Sitting Bull's eagle feather war bonnet (c1875) in Hunkpapa Lakota style at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Sitting Bull's leather case for storing his eagle feather war bonnet (c1875) with covers at both ends so feathers are not ruffled by being pulled backward style at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa Lakota moccasins (c1879) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa Lakota war shirt (c1879) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa Lakota war shirt (c1879) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Assiniboine Nakoda dancers' jerkins for Horse Dance (c1907) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Lakota or Assiniboine beaded hide double saddlebag (c1880) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Lakota or Assiniboine beaded moccasins (c1880) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Duck Lake, Saskatchewan native beaded moccasins (c1905) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Stoney Nakoda man's dance outfit (c1905) from Morley Reserve, Alberta at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Stoney Nakoda painted rawhide parfleche (c1900) from Morley Reserve, Alberta at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Duck Lake & Fire Hills Agency, Saskatchewan native beaded moccasins (c1900-8) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Northern Plains or Plateau native beaded moccasins (c1880) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Alberta Blackfoot tribal moccasins, boots & necklaces (late 19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Alberta Blackfoot moccasins with northern lights or white man dancing design (c1890) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Alberta Blackfoot moccasins with curvilinear & floral design (c1890) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Alberta Blackfoot knife & beaded sheath (c1875) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Plains Cree or Ojibway powder horn on beaded strap (c1875) plus Alberta Blackfoot knife & beaded sheath (c1875) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Alberta Blackfoot woman's saddle (c1890) & saddlebag (c1885) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Nisga'a carved cedar mortuary pole (c1860) (11.3m) from Ank'idaa, Nass River, BC at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Detail of Nisga'a carved cedar memorial pole (late 19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Detail of Nisga'a carved cedar memorial pole (late 19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Upper details of Standing Bear legend on Nisga'a carved cedar mortuary pole (c1860) from Ank'idaa, Nass River, BC at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Rivers Inlet carved cedar house post (late 19thC) representing bear beside Haida Gwaii woven cedar mat (early 20thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Tsimshian human face mask (19thC) from Skeena River at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mask of Dzunuk'wa (19th-20th C) from Quatsino, Vancouver Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Mask of bear (19th-20th C) from Quatsino, Vancouver Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Mask of Bak'was (19th-20th C) from Quatsino, Vancouver Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Woven spruce root chief's hat (19th-20th C) from North Vancouver Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Three Haida spoons (19thC) from Haida Gwaii at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Nisga'a raven rattle (early 20thC) from Nass River at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Nisga'a bentwood chest (c1800) from Nass River at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Tlingit or Nisga'a bentwood chest (19thC) from Bella Bella at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Haida copper shield (early 20thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Copper sheet representing status (19th-20th C) from Quatsino, Vancouver Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Northern Tlingit blanket (19thC) from Chilkat River, Alaska at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit sealskin Kayak (1910-14) from Hudson Strait at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit whaleboat model carving (early 20thC) from Baffin Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Beaded Inuit blanket for sled dog (c1890s) from Fort McPherson, NWT at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit skin pack-bag for sled dog (1910-14) from Baffin Island or Hudson Bay at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit snow goggles (1910-14) from Baffin Island or Hudson Bay at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit woman's outer parkas (1910-14) from Hudson Bay at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Inuit woman's outer parkas (c1914) from Baffin Island at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit girl's caribou skin outer stocking (1910-14) from Baffin Island or Hudson Bay at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit man's eider duck feather parka (1914) from Belcher Islands, Hudson Bay at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Inuit woman's inner beaded parka (early 20thC) from western Hudson Bay at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Innu painted caribou skin coat following European pattern (c1805) from Quebec-Labrador Peninsula at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe beaded vest (early 19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe feather headdress & shoulder pouch with snakeskin strap (mid 19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe beaded cradleboard (1919-38) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Plains Ojibwe medicine man's wooden marionette head & elk horn figure to cast spells (before 1879) from Yellow Quill Trail, Manitoba at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe ball-headed club with animal effigy, tomahawk pipe plus knife & scabbard (19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Ojibwe knife & beaded scabbard (c1873) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Fort Garry area Cree-Métis beaded Panel Bag (1846) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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James Bay Cree embroidered cape (c1850s) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | James Bay Cree glass-bead embroidered hood (c1850s) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Saskatchewan Plains Cree miniature tipi models made for sale (c1908) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Iroquois glass beaded pouch (19thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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Grand River Iroquois ball-headed club (early 19thC) & powder horn (18thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Great Lakes native iron rack for holding jacklighting fire for fishing (19th-20thC) at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. | Grand River Six Nations wood bowl & lid with turtle knob inlaid with silver & obsidian (1975) by Elwood Green, Haudenosaunee at Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, ON. |
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